| Ref. principal | Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly, 1989 |
|---|---|
| Observaciones | Common in clear insular areas or in coral reefs off mainland coasts (Ref. 5217). Juveniles frequent areas with algae (e.g. Sargassum) (Ref. 26235). Usually in schools which may be spawning groups; occasionally solitary. Is a bentho-pelagic predator--feeds predominatly in the pelagic zone, although it can actively catch prey from the bottom (Ref. 43978). Piscivore (Ref. 57616). Cleaned by goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others), hogfish (Bodianus rufus), and wrasse (Thalassoma trifasciatum) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). Predominantly inhabits sandy substrates (Ref. 128694). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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|
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| Sustrato | Soft Bottom: sand; |
|---|---|
| Sustrato Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
| H谩bitats especiales | Beds: algae/seaweed; Coral Reefs; |
| H谩bitats especiales Ref. | Cervig贸n, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. M谩rquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
| Referencia | |
|---|---|
| Asociaciones | solitary; schooling; |
| Asociado a | Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
| Comentarios de la asociaci贸n | |
| Parasitismo |
| Tipo De Alimentaci贸n | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo de alimentaci贸n Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| H谩bito De Alimentaci贸n | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| H谩bito alimentario Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | Muestra original | Poblaci贸n no pescada | Observaci贸n | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| De la composici贸n de la dieta | 4.28 | 0.15 | 4.12 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 14 studies. |
| De tipos individuales de alimento | 3.81 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Referencia | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 | ||||