| ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງຫຼັກ | Armstrong, M.P., 1997 |
|---|---|
| ຂໍ້ສັງເກດ | Inhabits inshore waters, shallow estuaries, river mouths and sheltered bays (Ref. 8520). Abundant in the mesohaline, riverine habitat in Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire (Ref. 32356). Exhibited a generalized up-river movement as salinity increased with the seasons. Showed ontogenetic changes in distribution along the depth gradient, with smallest individuals occupying shallowest depths. Intertidal mudflats were important nursery grounds for young-of-the-year smooth flounder (Ref. 32356). Parasites of the species include 2 protozoans, 6 trematodes, 1 cestode, 2 nematodes and 1 acanthocephalan (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| ທາດຍ່ອຍ | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| ທີ່ຢູ່ອາໄສພິເສດ | |
| ທີ່ຢູ່ອາໄສພິເສດ Ref. |
| ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | |
|---|---|
| ສະມາຄົມ | |
| ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງກັບ | |
| ຄໍາເຫັນຂອງສະມາຄົມ | |
| ກາຝາກ |
| ປະເພດການໃຫ້ອາຫານ | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| ປະເພດການໃຫ້ອາຫານ Ref. | |
| ນິໄສການກິນອາຫານ | |
| ນິໄສການໃຫ້ອາຫານ Ref. |
| Estimation method | ຕົວຢ່າງຕົ້ນສະບັບ | ປະຊາກອນທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນປາ | ຂໍ້ສັງເກດ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| ຈາກອົງປະກອບຂອງອາຫານ | |||||
| ຈາກລາຍການອາຫານແຕ່ລະອັນ | 3.41 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | |||||