| Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Occurs on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Nocturnal feeder (Ref. 122680). Feeds on benthic invertebrates, fish and cephalopods (Ref. 8925). Demersal, but also exhibits a pelagic lifestyle. Dwells in rocky substrates in deep waters. Feeds at night, moving up the water column to consume tunicates, small fishes, shrimp, crabs and amphipods (Ref. 9773). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.19 | 0.42 | 3.57 | 0.44 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.55 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Haight, W.R., J.D. Parrish and T.A. Hayes, 1993 | ||||