Spintherobolus papilliferus
Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann, 1911


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Family:  Spintherobolidae (Piquiras)
Max. size:  6.08 cm SL (male/unsexed); 6.08 cm SL (female)
Environment:  benthopelagic; freshwater
Distribution:  South America: headwaters of the Tietê River basin in Brazil.
Diagnosis:  Dorsal soft rays (total): 11-11; Anal soft rays: 12-13; Vertebrae: 35-36. The eyes of S. papilliferus (18.4-26.0% HL) are the smallest of the four species of Spintherobolus; the caudal peduncle length is the longest, being 23.8-24.6% SL in males and 21.3-27.0% SL in females; the anal-fin rays of adult males are not expanded in a sagittal plane; segments of anal-fin rays of adult males are not fused; an anterior extension of the proximal end of the lepidotrichia of the anal-fin rays of males is absent.
Biology: 
IUCN Red List Status: Endangered (EN); Date assessed: 18 May 2022 (B1ab(ii,iii,iv)) Ref. (130435)
Threat to humans:  harmless


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