Elasmobranchi (squali e razze) (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) >
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads (See ETYFish); tiburo: From tiburon, Spanish for shark, a name given by 16th- and 17th-century navigators to one or more large species of shark (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Taxonomic Remarks
Sphyrna vespertina in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and Sphyrna alleni from Belize to Brazil, WA (Ref. 132488).
Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino; salmastro associati a barriera corallina; oceano-estuarine (Ref. 87829); distribuzione batimetrica 10 - 80 m (Ref. 244). Subtropical; 45°N - 36°S, 121°W - 32°W (Ref. 55302)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, U.S to Belize. Species complex with Sphyrna vespertina in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and Sphyrna alleni from Belize to Brazil, WA (Ref. 132488).
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 85.0, range 80 - 90 cm
Max length : 150 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5217); common length : 80.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5217); peso massimo pubblicato: 10.8 kg (Ref. 40637); Età massima riportata: 12 anni (Ref. 26248)
Front of head semicircular in outline. No other hammerhead has front of head in semicircle. (Ref. 26938).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Found on the continental and insular shelves, on inshore and coastal areas, over mud and sand bottoms, also on coral reefs. Often occur in shallow water including estuaries, shallow bays and over coral reefs (Ref. 9987). Spends night time hours on shallow grass flats, searching for nocturnally active invertebrate prey, moves into deeper water during the day (Ref. 27549). Adults feed mainly on crustaceans, also on bivalves, octopi, and small fish. However, this is the first shark species to demonstrate omnivorous digestive strategy (Ref. 118574). It has been shown through digestability analyses that bonnetheads have enzymes that can digest seagrass organic matter with at least moderate efficiency (Ref. 118574). Viviparous, with 6 to 9 young per litter. Size at birth about 35 to 40 cm. Not territorial. Always occurs in small groups. Considerable sexual segregation occurs. Shows diel rhythm of activity. Utilized for human consumption and processed for fishmeal.
Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 6 to 9 young per litter. Size at birth about 35 to 40 cm.
Gonzalez, C., B. Postaire, W. Driggers, S. Caballero and D, Chapman, 2024. Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa 5512(4):491-511. (Ref. 132488)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Harmless
Usi umani
Pesca: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
Scarica XML
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Temperatura preferita (Fonte Biblio.
123201): 21.8 - 28, mean 25 °C (based on 368 cells).
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5006 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00204 (0.00116 - 0.00359), b=3.10 (2.94 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio.
69278): 3.9 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio.
120179): Molto basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione più di 14 anni (K=0.17-0.34; tm=3; tmax=12; Fec=3).
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
🛈
Nutrienti (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.95 [1.35, 35.56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.372 [0.090, 1.111] mg/100g; Protein = 21.3 [19.1, 23.4] %; Omega3 = 0.115 [0.044, 0.282] g/100g; Selenium = 15.4 [4.2, 49.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.5 [4.9, 59.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.52 [0.24, 1.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
