分類 / 名稱
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 6871). 熱帶; 28°N - 32°S, 76°E - 165°E (Ref. 114953)
Indo-West Pacific: Thailand to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, south to Australia. Records from the south coast of India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar need confirmation.
印度-西太平洋: 泰國到新幾內亞與索羅門群島,南至澳洲。 記錄從印度南部海岸，斯里蘭卡，孟加拉與緬甸需要證實。
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 165.0, range 150 - 180 cm
Max length : 270 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9909)
Occurs inshore and offshore, from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves (Ref. 9909). Young individuals are found inshore on sand flats, around atolls, and in mangrove swamps, estuaries and coastal lagoons (Ref. 6871). Adults occur inshore, over continental shelf, to ~100 m deep, and also the only rhinobatid reportedly able to live and breed in freshwater (Ref. 6871, 127960). Feeds on shellfish, mainly on crustaceans, prawns and crabs (Ref. 9909, Ref. 114953) and also small bony fishes (Ref. 127960). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Maturity size at 150-180 cm TL; born at 38-40 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Probably the major commercial guitarfish in the Western Central Pacific (Ref. 9909). Caught regularly by demersal tangle net fisheries operating throughout the area. Utilized for its meat, fins (both very high value), skin and cartilage (Ref. 58048). Reported to attain a maximum length of 4 m (Ref. 58784).
生活於近海與外海, 從潮間帶到外海大陸棚與島嶼棚.(參考文獻 9909) 成魚被發現離岸水域然而幼魚被發現在沿海的沙地淺灘, 環礁的周圍, 與在紅樹林沼澤中.(參考文獻 6871) 吃貝。 (參考文獻 9909) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 報告永久地在淡水中生存與繁殖。 (參考文獻 6871) 可能在中西太平洋的主要商業的犁頭鰩.(參考文獻 9909) 報告達到 4 公尺的最大長度。 (參考文獻 58784)
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Born at 38-40 cm TL (Ref.58048).印度-西太平洋: 泰國到新幾內亞與索羅門群島,南至澳洲。 記錄從印度南部海岸，斯里蘭卡，孟加拉與緬甸需要證實。
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
極危 (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 03 December 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 商業性
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基於模型的估計
首選溫度 (參考文獻
123201): 25.7 - 29, mean 28 °C (based on 1126 cells).
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00140 - 0.01079), b=3.05 (2.82 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.6 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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