Elasmobranchii (tubarões e raias) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
Meio ambiente: milieu / Zona climática / intervalo de profundidade / faixa de distribuição
Ecologia
marinhas demersal; intervalo de profundidade 1 - 94 m (Ref. 96339). Subtropical; 44°N -
Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.
Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturidade: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 9255); common length : 95.0 cm WD macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 1468)
Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).
Ciclo de vida ou comportamento de acasalamento
Maturidade | Reprodução | Desova | Ovos | Fecundidade | Larvas
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)
Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Uso pelos humanos
Pescarias: pouco comercial
Ferramentas
Relatórios especiais
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Fontes da internet
Estimativas baseadas em modelos
Temperatura preferida (Ref.
123201): 17.7 - 28.8, mean 23.4 °C (based on 100 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00393 - 0.01841), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.65 se; based on food items.
Resiliência (Ref.
120179): Muito baixo(a), tempo mínimo de duplicação da população maior que 14 anos (Fec assumed to be <10).
Vulnerabilidade da pesca (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Nutrientes (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 21.4 [4.0, 100.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.728 [0.188, 2.073] mg/100g; Protein = 22.7 [19.3, 25.6] %; Omega3 = 0.271 [0.078, 0.792] g/100g; Selenium = 20.3 [6.4, 60.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.76 [3.37, 28.18] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.569 [0.277, 1.042] mg/100g (wet weight);
