分類 / 名稱
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Taxonomic Remarks
Specimens mentioned by Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes (1850: 211) and Bertin (1948: 26) are not types, only historical, all collected after original description by Cuvier (1818). See Boujard, Sabatier, Rojas-Beltran, Prevost & Renno (1990) for details on foods habits. See Lecomte, Boujard, Meunier, Renno and Rojas Beltarn (1993) for details on growth biology. Synonymy above is based on personal observation and examination of types.
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性. 熱帶
South America: Amazon River basin, north and east Guiana Shield rivers.
南美洲: 亞馬遜河流域, 北方與東的圭亞那遮蔽河。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.7 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 111518); 最大體重: 5.0 kg (Ref. ); 最大體重: 5.0 kg
Occurs along the calm banks of main rivers and also near the rapids. During the rainy season when growth is maximal, it feeds on fruits and consumes the seeds of palm trees like Euterpa oleracea, Taralea oppositifolia, Mauritia flexuosa and other plants like Inga sp. and Psidium sp. which they crush with their strong jaws. During the dry season, their diet consists more of aquatic plants like Mourea fluviatilis and Apinagia richardiana and gastropods and fish (Ref. 12225). Its flesh is excellent but it is preferable not to consume it at the end of the rainy season because then its flesh is very high in fat (Ref. 27188).
生存沿著主要河川的平靜淺堆以及在急流的附近。 在雨季的時候，當成長是最大的時候，它吃果實而且消費棕櫚樹的種子例如 Euterpa oleracea ， Taralea oppositifolia, Mauritia flexuosa 與其他的植物例如 Inga sp. 與他們以他們的強顎粉碎的 Psidium sp.。 在乾季的時候，他們的食性組成更多個水生植物例如 Mourea fluviatilis 與 Apinagia richardiana 與腹足動物與魚.(參考文獻 12225) 它的肉是優良的，但是不在雨季結束的時候因為之後它的肉消費它是較好的是脂肪含量很高.(參考文獻 27188)
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Distinct pairing during copulation (Ref. 205).南美洲: 亞馬遜河流域, 北方與東的圭亞那遮蔽河。
Planquette, P., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail, 1996. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane. Tome 1. Collection du Patrimoine Naturel Volume 22, MNHN, Paris & INRA, Paris. 429 p. (Ref. 12225)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 21 December 2020
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基於模型的估計
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02089 (0.01152 - 0.03791), b=2.97 (2.81 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 2.6 ±0.23 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=5; k=0.44).
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
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