Taxonomic Remarks
Date and spelling Smith-Vaniz, pers. comm.
Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina revassocierade; djupintervall 0 - 150 m (Ref. 9710), usually 2 - 10 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 44°N - 41°S, 180°W - 180°E
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Eastern Atlantic: off Genoa, Italy in the Mediterranean (Ref. 4233) and from Côte d'Ivoire to Angola (Ref. 7097). Throughout the Indo-Pacific (Ref. 37816), but rare or absent in the Persian Gulf (Ref. 3287). Eastern Pacific: mouth of Gulf of California to Ecuador; including the Galapagos Islands (Ref. 9283).
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 64.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 180 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 26340); common length : 90.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217); publicerad maxvikt: 17.05 g (Ref. 40637); rapporterad maxålder: 6 år (Ref. 96992)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 7; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 25 - 30; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 2; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 18 - 22; Ryggkotor: 24. This species is distinguished by the following characters: the upper jaw ending distinctly before eye (and to below anterior margin of eye in young); dorsal fin with a detached terminal 2-rayed finlet; anal fin with a slightly detached spine from the rest of fin and covered by skin in fish of larger sizes, then followed by a second spine continuous with the 18-22 soft rays, including a detached 2-rayed finlet. Colour dark olive-blue or green dorsally and on side, white ventrally with 2 narrow light blue or bluish white stripes along sides and a broader olive or yellowish stripe between them; fins olive or yellowish (Ref. 9894,90102).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Adults are found in oceanic and coastal waters, generally near the surface over reefs or sometimes far from the coast often around floating logs or other debris (Ref. 9283, 11230, 48635, 90102). May form large schools (Ref. 9283, 48635). They feed on invertebrates, mainly on larger crustaceans of the zooplankton, and small fishes (Ref. 9283, 26145). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 4233). Good food fish (Ref. 9626) and a valued game fish (Ref. 26938); marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283); also frozen and used for sashimi (Ref. 9987).
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986. Carangidae. p. 638-661. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3197)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiellt viktig; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 28.8, mean 27.5 °C (based on 5152 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00617 - 0.01621), b=2.84 (2.70 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (tmax=6; K=0.2-0.6; Fec>10,000).
Prior r = 0.58, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.88, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.7 [7.8, 29.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.662 [0.361, 1.202] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [19.7, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.214 [0.129, 0.359] g/100g; Selenium = 26.7 [13.8, 50.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26 [9, 73] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.384 [0.262, 0.578] mg/100g (wet weight);
