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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Pseudotolithus: Greek, pseudes = false + greek, otos = ear + Greek, lithos = stone (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 70 m (Ref. 3593). Tropical; 27°N - 22°S
Eastern Atlantic: west coast of Africa, from Morocco to Angola, but rare north of Senegal (Ref. 57396). Also reported from Namibia (Ref. 3593).
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 35.0, range 28 - ? cm
Max length : 114 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 3593); peso massimo pubblicato: 12.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 11; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 28 - 33; Spine anali: 2; Raggi anali molli: 7. Diagnosis: large fish, elongate and compressed (Ref. 57396). Eyes small (Ref. 57396, 81656), 5.7-6.4 times in HL, but this character is difficult to use for identification because of allometry (Ref. 81656). Snout short; mouth large and oblique; lower jaw prominent; both jaws with bands of villiform teeth (upper jaw with teeth in outer row larger and sharper, including a pair of large median canines, lower jaw with teeth in inner row larger and sharper); 6 pores on chin and 5 marginal pores on snout (Ref. 57396). 9-12/1/4-6 (total 12-18) gill rakers on 1st gill arch; gill rakers short, about as long as gill filament at angle between lower and upper part of gill arch (Ref. 81656). Dorsal fin long and deeply notched (Ref. 57396), with 10 spines in the first part and 1 spine and 28-33 soft fin rays in second part (Ref. 81656). Second anal fin spine rather short and slender, attaining about 2/3 of the length of 1st soft ray and comprised over 3 times in head length; caudal fin pointed; scales weakly ctenoid on body, cycloid on snout and suborbital region; lateral line extending to end of caudal fin; swim bladder carrot-shaped, its front end with a pair of appendices subdividing into an anterior group of short branches and 2 posterior groups of long, slender tubules, one of them ventral, the other dorso-lateral and longer, bordering the bladder throughout its length (Ref. 57396).
Coloration: silvery grey, with series of small dark spots following scale rows, oblique on anterior part of back and sides, horizontal posteriorly; black spot at tip of spinous part of dorsal fin; pelvics and anal fin more or less dark yellowish; caudal fin dark; inside of gill cover black (Ref. 57396).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Found in coastal waters over muddy, sandy or rocky bottoms. Smaller individuals found in shallow waters, but rarely entering estuaries. Feed on fish (fry of the long-finned herring in Ref. 114789), shrimps and crabs (Ref. 28587). Spawn from November to March in waters of 22 to 25°C in the Gulf of Guinea. Most economically important demersal fish in West African waters.
Ciclo vitale e comportamento di accoppiamento
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecondità | Larve
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Harmless
Usi umani
Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
Scarica XML
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Temperatura preferita (Fonte Biblio.
123201): 22.7 - 27.9, mean 26.3 °C (based on 82 cells).
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00431 - 0.01217), b=3.06 (2.92 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio.
69278): 3.8 ±0.71 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.33; tmax=8; assuming tm=2).
Prior r = 0.31, 95% CL = 0.20 - 0.46, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
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Vulnerabilità climatica (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (83 of 100).
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Nutrienti (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 74.4 [44.2, 142.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.878 [0.439, 1.545] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [18.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.193 [0.107, 0.321] g/100g; Selenium = 71.6 [39.2, 141.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.8 [4.2, 34.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.805 [0.582, 1.163] mg/100g (wet weight);
