分类 / 名称
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
海洋 底中水层性; 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 3688), usually 15 - 50 m (Ref. 54220). 亞熱帶的; 56°N - 12°N, 23°W - 42°E (Ref. 54220)
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Cape Blanc, Mauritania; (exceptionally further south) Senegal and around the Canary Islands and Madeira. Common south of 40°N (Spain, North Africa) in the Mediterranean (Ref. 4781).
東大西洋: 不列顛群島到茅利塔尼亞的 Blanc 岬; (格外更南方) 塞內加爾與加納利群島與馬得拉群島的周圍。 在地中海中的 40 ° N(西班牙, 北非) 的普遍南方.(參考文獻 4781)
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm 34.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3688); 最大体重: 14.3 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 11 - 12; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 9. Body oval and compressed. Canine teeth, with 4 to 6 anterior teeth very developed in each jaw.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Inhabit hard bottoms (rock or rubble) down to 200 m depth. Usually found in shallow water less than 50 m deep (Ref. 9987). Adults solitary; young gregarious (Ref. 12482). Young fish caught with traps. Feed on fish, mollusks and cephalopods. Important food fish. Marketed fresh or frozen (Ref. 9987). Some attempts to culture this species have been successful. Due to low market supply, the potential for selling these fish from aquaculture operations seems to be good (Ref. 9987). A spear-fisherman cites a specimen caught in Greece (Corfu) with an overnight bottom-line about 1.60 m and 42 kg (Ref. 48271), but the identification cannot be verified.
栖息于坚硬的底部 (岩石或者碎石) 向下至 200 公尺深。 通常发现于浅水区少于 50 公尺深.(参考文献 9987) 成鱼独居性; 幼鱼群居的.(参考文献 12482) 幼鱼用鱼笼捕获了。 吃鱼，软件动物与头足类动物。 重要的食用鱼。 生鲜或冷冻地在市场上销售。 (参考文献 9987) 养殖这种的一些尝试曾经成功的。 由于低的市场补给, 卖来自水产业手术的这些鱼的潜能似乎是好的。 (参考文献 9987) 一个矛-渔夫引用被在希腊 (Corfu) 捕获的一件标本有一个夜间的根本大约 1.60 公尺与 42 公斤 (参考文献 48271) ，但是鉴定不能够被查证。
生命周期和交配行为
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Gonochoric, but some specimens are hermaphroditic. Species of separated sexes (although some individuals may be hermaphrodite in young stages). In the Mediterranean, reproduction takes place between March and May, in areas near the coast. Embryo development lasts about 3 days at 17°C.東大西洋: 不列顛群島到茅利塔尼亞的 Blanc 岬; (格外更南方) 塞內加爾與加納利群島與馬得拉群島的周圍。 在地中海中的 40 ° N(西班牙, 北非) 的普遍南方.(參考文獻 4781)
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
易受伤害 (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 17 August 2009
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
基于模型的估算
首选温度 (参考文献
123201): 13.3 - 21.1, mean 18.1 °C (based on 298 cells).
系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00965 - 0.01305), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.1; tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.39, 95% CL = 0.26 - 0.58, Based on 9 data-limited stock assessments.
渔业脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
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气候脆弱性 (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
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营养素 (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 30.5 [16.1, 58.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.656 [0.354, 1.189] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.267, 0.640] g/100g; Selenium = 37.2 [16.4, 73.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.4 [4.0, 56.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.558 [0.381, 0.828] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
