محیط زیست: محیط زیست / منطقه آب و هوایی / تغييرات عمق / محدوده توزیع
بوم شناسي
دريايي وابسته به آب سنگ; تغييرات عمق 2 - 200 m (Ref. 5951), usually 2 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 37°N - 39°S, 8°E - 55°W (Ref. 55210)
Circumtropical in distribution. Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951), Florida, USA and the Bahamas to Brazil (Ref. 7251). Eastern Atlantic: 30°N to 23°S (Ref. 6951); also South Africa (Ref. 4423). Western Indian Ocean: southern Red Sea to Madagascar, Reunion and Mauritius (Ref. 53568). Pacific Ocean: southern Japan south to Lord Howe Island and east to the Hawaiian and Easter islands (Ref. 37816). Also from southern California, USA to Colombia (Ref. 11482) and the Galapagos Islands (Ref. 5227).
اندازه / وزن / سن
بلوغ: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 7251); common length : 15.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 55763)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 13 - 15; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 13 - 15. Pelagic juveniles with spots, particularly prominent on belly; adults with dark blotches across back and spots between the blotches; fins without spots (Ref. 4423). 14 to 16 spines in an approximate row between snout and origin of dorsal fin; with a large brown bar above and below each eye; a broad transverse brown bar on occipital region of head (Ref. 13442).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Inhabit shallow reefs to open, soft bottoms. Also in areas with rocky substrata. Sometimes form groups (Ref. 9710, 48637). Occur on open muddy substrates as well as on rich soft-bottom and coral reefs. Juveniles often with floating Sargassum rafts. Young and sub-adults may form small groups (Ref. 48637). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Juveniles pelagic to about 6-9 cm. Solitary. Feed on mollusks, sea urchins, hermit crabs, and crabs at night (Ref. 9680). Relatively poor swimmers (Ref. 9710). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Captured at the surface using a hand net (Ref. 26165).
چرخه زندگی و رفتار جفتگیری
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | باروری | توزاد ( لارو)
Leis, J.M., 1984. Diodontidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3393)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
خطر برای انسان ها
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: ارزش تحاري اندك; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله; آكواريوم: تجاري
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منابع اينترنتي
تخمینها بر اساس مدلها
دمای ترجیحی (مرجع
123201): 21.5 - 29, mean 27.3 °C (based on 2666 cells).
شاخص تنوع فیلوژنتیکی (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.05888 (0.02860 - 0.12123), b=2.80 (2.61 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
سطح تروفیک (مرجع
69278): 3.9 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
جهندگی (مرجع
120179): زياد, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت ، كمتر از 15 ماه (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
آسیبپذیری ماهیگیری (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
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مواد مغذی (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.4 [7.6, 77.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.566 [0.268, 1.420] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.1, 21.5] %; Omega3 = 0.201 [0.104, 0.390] g/100g; Selenium = 24.7 [10.4, 57.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.8 [5.5, 106.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.535 [0.334, 0.862] mg/100g (wet weight);
