分类 / 名称
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 100 m (Ref. 9792), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 9792). 熱帶; 26°N - 21°S, 43°E - 156°E (Ref. 54739)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Japan and Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到日本與澳洲。
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm 38.0, range 37 - 39 cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6006); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大体重: 9.0 kg (Ref. 1468)
背棘 (总数) : 9 - 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 38 - 45; 臀棘: 1; 臀鳍软条: 33 - 43; 脊椎骨: 23 - 25. Body oval and flat, but thicker than in most other flatfishes. Mouth large with strong teeth; maxillary extends well beyond hind edge of lower eye; both eyes on left or right side; upper eye lying immediately below dorsal edge; gill rakers not developed. Dorsal fin origin well posterior to eyes; anterior fin rays spinous; lateral line almost straight. Color usually brown or grey, sometimes with 4 broad, dark crossbars. Dorsal, anal and caudal fin tips black. Blind side occasionally partially colored. (Other sources of morphological data: Refs. 591, 529, 4416, 5997 and 6000).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: flattened.
卵形的躯干而平坦的, 但是厚的超过在其他大部分的比目鱼。 嘴巴大的，有强的齿; 上颌骨延伸越过眼睛下部的后缘; 两眼在左边或右边; 眼睛上方紧邻背缘正下方; 鳃耙不发展。 背鳍起点在眼后面; 前面的鳍条刺状的; 几乎笔直地的侧线。 颜色通常褐色或灰色的, 有时有 4个宽又黑的交叉条纹。 背鳍、臀鳍与尾鳍顶端黑色。 没有眼睛的一边偶然部份彩色。 (形态学资料的其他来源: 参考文献。 591,529,4416,5997 与 6000.)
Found on sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9796, 48637). Usually deeply burried in the substrate during the day, but out and hunting at night (Ref. 48637). Often swims in an upright position (Ref. 9796). Mainly piscivorous (Ref. 5986). Mainly sold fresh (Ref. 5213); also utilized smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Processed into fish flour (Ref. 6040).
栖息于沙与泥底部了。 (参考文献 9796,48637) 通常深深地在底部中的 burried 在白天期间, 但是出自与在晚上的猎食.(参考文献 48637) 时常游泳以垂直的姿势。 (参考文献 9796) 主要以鱼为食.(参考文献 5986) 主要地卖了生鲜地;(参考文献 5213) 也利用烟熏而且冻结。 (参考文献 9987) 加工成鱼粉了。 (参考文献 6040)
Studies in Porto Novo, India (Refs. 5993 & 5997) show that the sex ratio significantly differ from 1:1, but the reports are ambiguous as to which sex predominates.印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到日本與澳洲。
Nielsen, J.G., 1984. Psettodidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 3. (Ref. 3485)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
基于模型的估算
首选温度 (参考文献
123201): 26.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1198 cells).
系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00509 - 0.00898), b=3.14 (3.06 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 4.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.26-0.5; tm=3-4; Fec=300,000).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.11, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
渔业脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
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气候脆弱性 (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
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营养素 (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 122 [62, 249] mg/100g; Iron = 1.15 [0.54, 2.15] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.9, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.181 [0.080, 0.383] g/100g; Selenium = 68 [30, 151] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [6.2, 65.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.728 [0.470, 1.071] mg/100g (wet weight);
