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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).中東大西洋: 馬得拉群島。 西南大西洋: 巴西南部。 這種的有效性在 Compagno 1999 名錄懷疑了。 (參考文獻 35766)
McEachran, J.D. and B. Séret, 1990. Gymnuridae. p. 64-66. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4439)
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00393 - 0.01841), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻 69278): 3.8 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (參考文獻 120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec assumed to be <10).
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100). 🛈