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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Sprattus: Old German, sprotte (1611) = a small fish, Clupea sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Taxonomic Remarks
The subspecies were not characterized well enough, that unless there is more evidence presented in the future, Sprattus sprattus should be considered as one species with several known populations (S.Kullander, pers.comm. 07/09).
環境：環境 / 気候帯 / 深さの範囲 / 分布範囲
生態学
海; 汽水性の pelagic-neritic; 海洋回遊性 (Ref. 51243); 深さの範囲 10 - 150 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 69°N - 30°N, 11°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: North Sea and adjacent waters as far north as the Lofoten Area and the west of the British Isles, and Baltic Sea south to Morocco; also in northern Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea) and Black Sea.
初回成熟時の長さ / サイズ / 重さ / 年齢
成熟: Lm 10.1, range 8 - 12 cm
Max length : 25.1 cm SL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 137577); common length : 12.0 cm SL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 188); 最大記録サイズ: 6 年 (Ref. 3561)
背面の脊椎 (合計) : 0; 背鰭 (合計) : 13 - 21; 肛門の骨: 0; 臀鰭: 12 - 23. Lower jaw slightly projecting, gill cover without any bony radiating striae, teeth rarely present on vomer; belly with a strong keel of scutes; last two anal fin rays not enlarged. No dark spots on flanks. Pterotic bulla absent.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Usually inshore schooling, sometimes entering estuaries (especially the juveniles) and tolerating salinities as low as 4 ppt. Shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. Moves to the surface at night. Feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9900). Spawns at depths of 10-20 m producing 6,000-14,000 pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388). Some spawn almost throughout the year, mainly in spring and summer, near the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Sprat are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, less for human consumption (Ref. 9900). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be pan-fried and broiled (Ref. 9988).
ライフサイクルと交尾行動
成熟 | 繁殖 | 放精 | 卵 | 生産力 | 幼生
Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCNのレッドリストの状況は (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
人間に対する脅威
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
人間の用途
水産業: 高い商業の; 餌: usually
用具
特記事項
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インターネットの情報源
モデルに基づく推定値
好ましい温度 (参照
123201): 4.3 - 15.3, mean 9.5 °C (based on 530 cells).
系統多様性指数 (参照
82804): PD
50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00468 - 0.00645), b=3.10 (3.05 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
栄養段階 (参照
69278): 3.0 ±0.07 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.2 (1.7 - 2.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24
growth studies.
回復力 (参照
120179): 手段, １．４年～４．４年の倍増期間の最小個体群 (rm=1.7; K=0.14-0.77; tm=1-2; tmax=6; Fec=2,000 (batch fec)).
Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 17 full stock assessments.
漁業の脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
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気候脆弱性 (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
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栄養素 (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 69.8 [34.7, 136.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.171, 1.290] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.2, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.328, 1.136] g/100g; Selenium = 8.55 [3.88, 18.40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 66.3 [13.8, 248.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.429 [0.200, 1.835] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
