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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Ethmalosa: Greek, ethmos, -ou = sieve, also the ethmoides bone + Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
Окружающая среда: среда / климатическая зона / пределы глубины / диапазон распространения
экология
морской; пресноводный; солоноватоводный pelagic-neritic; катадромный (Ref. 138280); пределы глубины 0 - 50 m (Ref. 54436), usually 0 - 50 m (Ref. 54436). Tropical; 25°N - 8°S, 17°W - 14°E (Ref. 54436)
Atlantic Ocean: Eastern central Atlantic Ocean, from Dakhla in Western Sahara southward to Lobito Bay in Angola (Ref. 188, 5286, 81269, 81631), occasionally entering freshwater (Ref. 3509). Reports from Cape Verde Islands are based on an erroneous type locality for Clupea fimbriata by Bowdich (1825), which was later rectified as probably Gambia (Ref. 188, 5286, 94080).
Длина при первой зрелости / Размер / Вес / Возраст
половая зрелость: Lm 17.0 range ? - 18.5 cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 1989); common length : 25.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 187); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 1.0 kg (Ref. 1989)
колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 0; членистые (мягкие) лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 16 - 19; колючие лучи анального плавника: 0; членистые (мягкие) лучи анального плавника: 19 - 25; позвонки: 40 - 44. Diagnosis: Body fairly deep, compressed, scutes present along belly; upper jaw with distinct notch, into which tip of lower jaw fits; lower gillrakers long, fine and numerous, about 3 times as long as gill filaments, upper gillrakers bent sharply upward, V-shaped; pelvic fin rays with 1 unbranched and 7 branched rays; caudal fin tips long and pointed (Ref. 188). A faint dark spot behind gill cover, sometimes followed by others; dorsal fin tip black; caudal fin deep chrome yellow; golden tints on body (Ref. 188, 81269). Ethmalosa fimbriata resembles Sardinella aurita, Sardinella rouxi and especially Sardinella maderensis, but these are more slender, have a rounded upper jaw which is not notched and the upper gillrakers are not bent upward like an elbow (Ref. 188).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Ethmalosa fimbriata is found in fairly shallow coastal waters, lagoons and estuaries, and sometimes also in lower courses of coastal rivers, even more than 300 km up rivers (Ref. 187, 188, 81269, 81631). It feeds principally on phytoplankton, chiefly diatoms, filtered by the very fine gillraker sieve (Ref. 187, 188, 3166). It breeds throughout the year in waters of salinities 3.5-38 ppt, but with peaks in at least some areas; spawns in the sea, in estuaries and in rivers (Ref. 188). The largest fisheries are in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon, mainly in the dry season (Ref. 188).
Breeds all year in waters of salinities 3.5 to 38 ppt, but with peaks in at least some areas, becoming progressively later to south. Spawns in the sea, in estuaries and in rivers.
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Угроза для людей
Harmless
Использование человеком
рыболовство: важный объект промысла; аквакультура (рыбоводство): экспериментальный
дополнительная информация
инструменты
Специальные отчеты
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Оценки, основанные на моделях
Предпочтительная температура (ссылка
123201): 20.2 - 27.9, mean 26.4 °C (based on 180 cells).
Индекс филогенетического разнообразия (ссылка
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00764 - 0.00993), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Трофический уровень (ссылка
69278): 2.5 ±0.25 se; based on food items.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (ссылка
120179): высокий, минимальное время удвоения популяции до 15 месяцев (K=0.25-0.36; tm=1; Fec=16,000).
Prior r = 0.23, 95% CL = 0.15 - 0.34, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Уязвимость рыбной ловли (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
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Климатическая уязвимость (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Питательные вещества (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 181 [96, 321] mg/100g; Iron = 1.91 [1.04, 3.19] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [17, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.374 [0.211, 0.670] g/100g; Selenium = 65.7 [32.1, 137.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.42 [3.24, 21.22] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.75 [1.23, 2.59] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
