Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten revassocierade; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 20 - 200 m (Ref. 36128). Subtropical; 32°N - 35°S, 18°E - 157°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Philippines, north to southern Japan and Korea, south to northern Australia. Introduced into the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 45.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 7050); common length : 60.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3476); publicerad maxvikt: 3.5 kg (Ref. 40637)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 9 - 10; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 13; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 13. Brownish or grayish above, whitish below; caudal fin 2-3 horizontal black stripes (Ref. 4315). Head strongly depressed. Preopercular spines 2, lower usually longest. Vomerine teeth in a single transverse band. Dorsal fin I,VII,I, I,I,VII,I or I,VIII, 13. Anteriormost lateral line scale usually with a small spine or ridge. Diagonal scale rows slanting backward above lateral line 83-107. Iris lappet a single elongated lobe. Identified by the distinctive color pattern on the caudal fin: centrally yellow and black stripes on upper and lower margins (Ref. 48635).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Found on sandy and muddy bottoms of coastal waters (Ref. 5213, 48635). Frequently in estuaries, juveniles have been taken in freshwater. Taken by handlining and seining in shallow waters and by trawling at depths to 30 m, usually less (Ref. 9790). A good food fish (Ref. 4315) that is marketed fresh (Ref. 5284). Commercially cultured in Japan. Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 21.7 - 28.3, mean 26.5 °C (based on 979 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00427 (0.00347 - 0.00524), b=3.10 (3.04 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.2 [3.4, 132.2] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.32, 3.24] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.5, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.211 [0.090, 0.614] g/100g; Selenium = 48.1 [16.2, 149.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 28.9 [8.7, 99.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.763 [0.357, 1.425] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
