Ikan bertulang rawan (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays) > Hypolophinae
Etymology: Pastinachus: Latin, pastinaca = a sting ray (Ref. 45335).
Taxonomic Remarks
This species which is similar to Pastinachus ater, an Indo-West Pacific species, is found only in Northwestern Indian Ocean. Erroneous information will be deleted.
Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut; air tawar; payau berasosiasi dengan karang; amphidromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 60 m (Ref. 6871). Tropical
Northwestern Indian Ocean: Red Sea to Pakistan.
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 98.0, range 96 - 100 cm
Max length : 183 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 37816); common length : 65.0 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 27550)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0. A large, plain, dark stingray with an angular snout and pectoral disc; tail long and broad-based, less than twice body length, and with no upper caudal finfold but with high lower caudal finfold- 2 to 3 times depth of tail but not reaching tail tip; no large thorns; 1 or 2 long stings on tail, further behind tail base than in most stingrays; unique hexagonal, high-crowned teeth (Ref. 5578). Dark brown or black dorsally without conspicuous markings, white ventrally (Ref. 5578). Tail black (Ref. 3263).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
Found in lagoons, reef flats, and reef faces (Ref. 12951). Also in rivers far from the sea (Ref. 5578). Feeds on bony fishes, worms, shrimp, and crabs (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Adults are sometimes accompanied by remoras or members of the trevally family (Ref. 6871). Size at birth about 18 cm WD or larger (Ref. 6871). Flesh utilized as food and skin used for polishing wood (Ref. 4832). Possibly caught by sports anglers (Ref. 5578). Recently there is a targeted fishery on this species for its skin, which is used as 'shagreen' in fashion accessories, from wallets to fancy pens; as a result, the species is in danger of disappearance (IHT 26.11.2005, p.5). Maximum length about 300 cm TL (Ref. 30573).
Siklus hidup dan perilaku kawin
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fekunditas | Larva
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Size at birth ~ 18 cm WD (Ref.58048).
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Venomous
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Suhu yang disukai (Acuan
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1694 cells).
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan
69278): 3.7 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): sangat rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum lebih dari 14 tahun (Assuming Fec<10).
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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Nutrisi (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.51 [1.64, 34.97] mg/100g; Iron = 0.364 [0.085, 0.964] mg/100g; Protein = 22.9 [19.9, 26.0] %; Omega3 = 0.102 [0.029, 0.298] g/100g; Selenium = 31.4 [9.0, 84.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33 [12, 99] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.851 [0.416, 1.706] mg/100g (wet weight);
